Strategies And Evaluation Of Nissan Management Essay

Strategies And Evaluation Of Nissan Management Essay In 1999 Nissan had been facing great losses for seven of the past eight years which were now resulting in debts. This was mainly caused by the Japanese business custom of keiretsu investments which left little capital for other investments, like innovations in product designs. This lack of design innovation furthermore caused the Nissan brand to weaken as competitors were producing vehicles more stylish and up to date, reflecting customer demands. To foster a turnaround the Nissan president and CEO Yoshikazu Hanawa formed a mutual beneficial strategic alliance (Global Alliance Agreement) with Renault, allowing both companies to expand in new desirable geographic areas. With his experience in turnarounds Carlos Ghosn seemed to be the obvious choice to lead the Nissan turnaround from both the Renault and Nissan point of view. Evaluation The approach was an overall success in meeting the specific and measurable goal of turning the losses into profits not only on time but 6 month prior to the deadline. The Nissan Revival Plan was achieved one year ahead of schedule and succeeded in reducing their purchasing costs by 20 % which meant that they approximately reached the level of Renault. The large emphasis Ghosn placed on the execution also gave him an edge as this phase is much more demanding in terms of communication, meeting objectives on time and budget, potential conflicts with power resources and resistance to change. The respect Ghosn showed for the Japanese culture was vital for the initiatives to succeed, even though I believe it was a mistake for him not to learn about Japan before coming there as it is very easy unintended to insult people from other cultures if you are not familiar with their specific customs, but it also gave him an edge in being open-minded in perceiving the Japanese and Nissan culture. Coming to Japan he only brought three principles of management with him were to be well received and understood by employees: transparency, execution vs. strategy; improving quality and customer satisfaction and reducing costs. Not just anybody could have managed the Nissan turnaround as well as Ghosn did. For instance, A COO from Japan would not have been able to cut back on keiretsu investments. Because of the Japanese business culture to make these kinds of investments and the Japanese emphasis on cooperation and loyalty, it would have been considered to be a sort of betrayal and ultimately would 3 have harmed the Nissan brand even more. Only an outsider with different cultural background could legitimize such a change. The resistance Ghosn eventually faced when ignoring the almost sacred tradition of promoting by education, age and time within the company would likewise have been much more pronounced if the initiative came from a Japanese COO. Resistance to change Ultimately some sort of resistance was inevitable because of the major structural and cultural changes Nissan was facing with Ghosn as COO. People generally do not resist change, per se. but some underlying causes, like lack of understanding, fear of the unknown or fear of an outcome worse than the present situation.1 In this specific case Ghosn went a long way implementing many changes before meeting actual resistance in form of lack of cooperation among employees caused by the elimination of the old promotion system, allowing younger, less experienced employees to be promoted based on their skills and achievements. This resistance was clearly caused by fear of the unknown and fear of loosing/not gaining status by promotions. Resistance is generally a very important form of feedback and Ghosn chose to view the resistance as an opportunity for experience rather than a limitation.2 1 Dent, E. B. and Goldberg, S. G. (1999). Page 26 2 Ford, J. D. and Ford, L. W. (2009). Page 101 3 Nohria, N., Joyce, W. and Roberson, B.(2003). Page 45 4 Ford, J. D. and Ford, L. W. (2009). Page 100 Ghosn has overcome the actual resistance and prevented potential resistance to the cultural and structural changes in large by clearly communicating all initiatives and objectives to all Nissan employees. Communication had previously been a problem within the company but by creating a matrix structure (combining efficiency and effectiveness) and through consistency between his own actions, thoughts and communication Ghosn was making sure that transparency as well as communication within the organization was improved and afterwards maintained, keeping focus on the strategy.3 Likewise by creating the Cross-Functional Teams, he sought to build engagement and participation and made sure that the employees would have a sense of ownership over the Nissan Revival Plan and motivate communication across departments, stimulate future risk-taking and responsibility as well as regaining confidence in the companys future. Mitigating resistance by involvement and communication are generally very e ffective and will increase employee commitment to execution.4 4 The former lack of accountability and acceptance of responsibility among employees was eliminated by directly assigning responsibility and accountability and encourage people to take risks. This was accomplished in part by monetary rewards and stock options whenever the actions led to increase in operating profits or revenues.5 The previous consensus mentality at Nissan seems to have been: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢If everyone one is responsible then no one is accountable, and nobody gets punished,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- which was affecting risk-taking and slowing decision-making processes across the company. 5 Fu, Dean and Millikin, john P. page C553 Organizational culture As mentioned above, the understanding and respect Ghosn expressed for the Japanese Nissan culture and the fact that he communicated his wish to work through this culture were vital for his acceptance within the organization. He made it clear from the very beginning that he too had a personal stake in the outcome and thereby created a sense of cohesion with the employees. His visibility in the organization from day one and the consistency between his communications and actions was a new but welcome change that made him human in the eyes of the employees. This transparency and consistency together with his explicit promise to respect the culture also helped building a sense trust and thereby employee support for most of Ghosns change initiatives. The Nissan president and CEO, Yoshikazu Hanawa, had a positive attitude towards Ghosn and his experience and abilities in turnarounds, since he explicitly asked Renault to send Ghosn to Nissan to lead the changes. But because Ghosn was a foreigner and not accustomed to the Japanese way of doing business, several industrial business analytics expressed scepticism and concern for this arrangement. It is likely that middle-managers and higher-level-managers have been influenced by these critics and therefore had a negative attitude towards Ghosn as COO, but if they did, they did not make much fuss about it. 5 National culture When you consider the differences between Ghosns leadership style and the Japanese (Nissan) way of doing business, it is actually a bit of an achievement that resistance did not arise earlier and more pronounced than it did. The cultural differences between Ghosn, with his experience in working in organizations with strong corporate cultures, and the Nissan organization, with its weak culture traits, were very pronounced and had great potential to cause some trouble along the way, but it takes two to tango, and one of them has to lead. The initiative of putting together Cross-Functional Teams had great potential for meeting resistance in part because of the Japanese tradition of reaching consensus when making decisions. In addition, if every member of a Cross-Functional Team had to make sure, that their respective departments were supporting every suggestion, then the decision-making process would not only have been slowed severely but would have staled. It is also very likely that the employees at Nissan would have resisted the Cross-Functional Team initiatives because of the Japanese culture of loyalty and cooperation within departments but not necessarily across departments (especially not in troubled times) caused by the weak organizational culture. Early on Ghosn became aware that in order to turn Nissan around, he would have to address some of these cultural issues in order to get to root of the problems and meet the overall goal of creating profits. First and foremost, he would have to communicate and make understood the importance of meeting customer wants and needs (included a radical change in the decision-making processe).6 The management would have to create a shared vision (or long-term plan as opposed to their usual sort-term). Management at Nissan was displaying tunnel vision and was focusing on regaining market share instead of increasing margins and product innovation to meet customer demands.7 The emphasis placed on informal contacts and information, complicated knowledge sharing across the organization, as nothing was written or formally communicated, which also slowed decision-making processes. He would have to overcome these cultural obstacles (underlying problems) before addressing the real problems at Nissan. 6 Nohria, N., Joyce, W. and Roberson, B.(2003). Page 46-47 7 Fu, Dean and Millikin, john P. page C549 6 Luck and timing The timing for these changes was absolutely perfect. Had Ghosn and his Cross-Functional Teams tried to implement the same changes a few years earlier, they would most likely have met great resistance and possible failure. But because of the resent bankruptcy of the major financial house, Yamaichi, and the lack of bailout by the Japanese government, the employees at Nissan began to take their situation seriously and this imposed a sense of urgency among the employees. This sense of urgency helped push changes by making the employees more willing to cooperate and implement the proposed changes as well as taking more risks in order to turn the company around. This willingness for taking risks decreased the previous fear of making decisions (especially faulty decisions) which decreased the need for consensus decision-making , which again increased the speed with which decisions was able to be made. This further fostered motivation for innovative proposals for the product line, which had a positive effect on the Nissan competiveness and on consumer satisfaction. In short, the bankruptcy of Yamaichi was a stroke of luck at the exact right time to help kick-start the major changes at Nissan, especially in the minds of the employees. Looking forward In the next few years (2005) Ghosn will have to return to Renault to take over as CEO (his lifelong dream). The right replacement for his job must ensure continuous growth and success, keeping focus on customer needs and increases in profit as well as to nurture the newly accomplished sense of urgency to keep driving employees towards continuous improvements (Nissan 180). A successor should, besides the above mentioned, be able to create a balance between long-term and short-term objectives to ensure that employees do not fall back into old habits.8 Constantly setting short-term objectives, aligning them with long-term objectives will enhance motivation among Nissan employees as they will see their effort and hard work paying of. 8 Griswold, H. M. and Prenovitz, S. C.(1993). Page 5 9 Krackhardt, D. and Hanson, J. R.(1993). I would recommend Ghosn to use the network analysis9 as a tool for helping him making the best possible decision, ensuring that the person he will choose is trustworthy among employees, accountable and responsible, has influential power. The friendship network is always a good place to start, but he should be sure to mad both the communication network and advice network as well. Perhaps there will be an obvious overlap between the three. 7 Conclusion The Nissan turnaround was a great success in that it met measurable objectives and accomplished to overall strategic goal of increasing profits within the schedule. By approaching the Japanese and corporate Nissan culture with an open mind, Ghosn was able to gain the employees trust. His approach to the cultural differences combined with a great stroke of luck, turned the challenge into and opportunity and he was thereby able to meet the overall goal. In facing the fundamental problems within the organization; lack of clear profit orientation, insufficient focus on customers and too much on competitors, lack of a sense of urgency, no shared vision or common long-term plan, lack of cross-functional, cross-border, cross-cultural lines of work, he had to bend the rules of engagement by changing large parts of the Nissan culture. More specifically, based on the recommendations from the Cross-Functional Teams, he implemented some rather radical changes on the Japanese traditions of doing business, in order to help Nissan get back on track. Even though he was hereby violating his prior commitment to be sensitive to the Nissan culture, he did not experience serious resistance in doing so, because it was ultimately Nissan employees suggesting these changes, he was just executing them. In choosing his Successor Ghosn should map the informal networks within the organization, emphasising on trust, accountability and power to create change. 8 List of literature  · Dent, E. B. and Goldberg, S. G. (1999). Challenging resistance to change. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 35(1), 25-41.  · Ford, J. D. and Ford, L. W. (2009). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Decoding resistance to change.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- Harvard Business Review, 87(4), 99-103.  · Fu, Dean and Millikin, john P. (2003) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢The Global Leadership of Carlos Ghosn at Nissan,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- Thunderbird The American Graduate School of International Management, C546 C556  · Griswold, H. M. and Prenovitz, S. C.(1993).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢How to translate strategy into operational results.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- Business Forum, 18(3), 5-9.  · Krackhardt, D. and Hanson, J. R.(1993).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Informal networks: the company behind the chart.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- Harvard Business Review, July/August, 104-111.  · Nohria, N., Joyce, W. and Roberson, B.(2003).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢What really works.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- Harvard Business Review, 81(7), 42-52.

Winter Dreams :: essays research papers

In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s, â€Å"Winter Dreams† Fitzgerald creates a character, Dexter Green, a fourteen year old boy who is confident in his â€Å"winter dreams† of extraordinary success, wealth and social status in his â€Å"golden future†. Over the course of the story Dexter paved his way to an ambitious future of economic wealth. At fourteen Dexter was described as the best caddie worker in the club, making thirty dollars a month, which for the summer was not able to be me made anywhere else on the lake. Dexter was also a smart boy, who knew how to barter, asking Mr. Jones for a raise making it â€Å"worth his while† since he was the best caddie. This shows that Dexter is not the type that will just settle. He is a very determined ambitious character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After college Dexter becomes successful in the business world, opening a chain of laundries. He moves his way up the economic ladder with all of his laundries being flourishing. This shows that he is a hard working ambitious character because he is slowly becoming successful in the business world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Judy terminated the engagement, Dexter went out east with the intention of selling out his laundries—but when the war came to America he handed over the business for his partner to run, so he could fight in the war. This shows that Dexter was ambitious because he went off to fight for his country and he left everything he had behind, risking everything that he had.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the end of the story, Dexter learns from a business man that Judy had gotten married to an alcoholic husband. He says, he can not care anymore, nor will he ever. Ultimately, Dexter realizes that his desire for ambition in the business world will overpower his desire for love with Judy, or any woman for that matter.

Impact of Marketization on Higher Education in the UK

Abstract Marketization is an increasing phenomenon within the current environment. Every sector of the economy continues to adopt the concept of marketization in a bid to enhance efficiency, effectiveness, and competitiveness of the affected sectors. One of the main sectors identified in the current literature review is higher education. The paper below provides a critical literature review on the basis of theoretical and empirical reviews. The theoretical review identifies and explains the theory of marketization whereas the empirical review evaluates the varied findings and views of the scholars and researchers on the impact of marketization on higher education. The results of the review state that there are both negative and positive impacts of marketization on higher education in respect to UK. Key words: Marketization, higher education, theoretical, empirical Introduction The following is a review of literature on the impact of marketization on higher education in the UK. Evidently, marketization, which involves the restructuring, remodelling, and transformation of publicly-owned enterprises or organisations into market-based entities, continues to be a common phenomenon especially in the current century. Through marketization, majority of the higher learning institutions in the UK have been transformed from being owned by the government to market-oriented institutions to enhance quality and operations. A number of researchers and scholars have conducted an evaluation and analysis on the impact of the concept on higher education in the UK. Therefore, the current paper aims at reviewing some of the literatures explaining the impact of marketization on higher education. In accomplishing this objective, the current literature review is performed on the basis of theoretical and empirical reviews. The review ends with a concluding remark that summarises th e main points whilst stating the stand of the analysis. Theoretical Review Marketization theory describes the functionality of marketization. According to Raffe and Croxford (2013), the theory of marketization provides a good foundation to nations in introducing the aspects of choices, competition, and public accountability, which are essential in enhancing the quality of products or services under production. Evidently, the theory of marketization helps in eliminating different economic problems and concepts such as unfavourable market competition, inefficiencies in markets, and the lack of players and market forces that are likely to influence the production process. Based on the theory of marketization argues it is important to transform an entire economy by getting rid of the planned economic system and allowing market-based scenario to prevail in the economy in question (Quinlan, 2014). Amongst the aspects discussed within the theory of marketization include liberalisation, contracting reforms, stimulating of competition, incentive creation, and outsou rcing reforms that will help in transforming the higher education sector. Other aspects explained within the theory of marketization include the reduction of regulation, opening market-oriented systems, and effective allocation of resources (Xue-chao, 2012). From such perceptions, it is arguably important to note that the theory of marketization explains the fact that through the concept of liberalising an economy all the trade barriers and price controls are significantly removed, which provide space to the various stakeholders to actively engage in ensuring that there is high quality production process. From the perspective of the marketization theory, a number of economies across the globe are calling upon for the deregulation of institutions of higher learning with the aim of making them more competitive within the global market. The 2013 year has been a year of marketization of the higher education system in the UK (Raffe & Croxford, 2013). Throughout the 2013, UK developed policies and strategies towards attaining a fully marketised system especially for the higher education sector. Since 2013 UK has developed numerous and possibly effective policies that are aimed at encouraging the expansion of higher education. Expansion of higher education as anticipated by the UK government through development of various policies has the sole objective of increasing participation of all the stakeholders in education (McNeill, 2012). Increased participation of all involved stakeholders in the higher education courtesy of marketization concept results into a more educated workforce, which has actually enabled the UK to experience a growth in its economy. Indeed, marketization of the higher education in UK has offered a perfect ground-breaking insight on how the government policies can be employed towards altering the structures and operations of different institutions for higher learning especially universities and technical colleges (Xue-chao, 2012). The following section provides an empirical review of the previous studies and views of the scholars on the impact of the marketization on higher education with special focus to the UK. Empirical Review Different scholars and researchers have performed evaluation, analysis, and studies on the impact of marketization on higher education in the UK. Brown (2013) conducted a study that aimed at describing the concept of market-based policies with regards to higher education in the UK. In addition, Brown (2013) also aimed at assessing the historical background regarding the current reforms within higher education in UK especially in respect to marketization. The study by Brown (2013) established that there has been an improvement in higher education as seen within the idea of competition, efficiency, responsiveness, as well as innovation courtesy of marketization. From the perspective of the theory of marketization, Brown (2013) argued that marketization has provided the opportunity for different stakeholders other than government to also engage in providing services of education and learning in higher institutions of learning. Therefore, from the study of Brown it is evident that market ization has positive impact on higher education within UK. The other study was performed by Hommel and King (2013) who sought to find out the financial dimension of specific reforms by the government especially in respect to developing an educational sector that is risk-based. From the corporate risk management literature, Hommel and King (2013) found out that business schools, which continues to adopt the risk-based regulations and reforms to meet their objectives and targets with respect to learning process, face a lot of challenges especially in line with managing risks. In this respect, Hommel and King (2013) established the fact that business schools especially within the ranks of universities and other institutions of higher learning should be careful about their financial solvency through effective and efficient maintenance of functioning risks. Hence, on the perspective of the study conducted by Hommel and King (2013), it is evident that in as much as marketization provides some positive impacts there are negative impacts that accrue due to the concept for instance the increase exposure to various financial risks. Natale and Doran (2012) also performed a study on the marketization of education in a bid to identify the ethical dilemma that exists in the same. From the study, it is clear that the marketing of education continues to be epidemic, which calls for the suffusion of both practices and principles of business in the management of higher education. However, Natale and Doran (2012) established in their study that in as much as the higher education is becoming more advanced, efficient, effective, and very competitive, the idea of exposing higher education to marker-based systems has resulted into increased costs of education. As a result, there is a growing ethical concern, that is, even though on one side the higher education sector is becoming more efficient, effective, and competitive, the cost of accessing such higher education has become higher and unattainable since the pricing has been left on market forces. Such views have also been put forward by Tapper (2013), who argue that desp ite positive impacts of marketization on higher education, the market-based systems have exposed the pricing of higher education to market forces, which makes the entire cost expensive. Hence, there is need to identify whether to enhance efficiency at the expense of the cost of providing education. The other study was conducted by Holmwood (2012) with an aim of analysing markets and publics as the new battlegrounds for the sector of higher education across many economies. Holmwood (2012) evaluated the recent policy changes especially started by the British Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. The policy by the coalition government is a preferred paradigm shift with respect to restructuring and remodelling of the higher education sector. The findings from the study showed that there has been radical and neo-liberal approach towards transforming the higher education sector. So far, the policies developed by the government have been very successful in enhancing the efficiency, effectiveness, and competitiveness of higher education. However, Holmwood (2012) stated in the study that the only problem with transforming higher education sector into a market-based system is the fact that monocultural perspectives are likely to result into value of what is lost. Despite th e problem of monoculture as created by the market-based systems, Holmwood (2012) strongly believe that marketization is indeed a good concept; a view that has also been supported by Nickola et al (2012). Consequently, marketization continues to be a good foundation for changing higher education in the UK. Conclusion The above is a literature review explaining the impacts of marketization on higher education with special focus to the UK. The review contains two main sections, namely, the theoretical review and the empirical review. On the basis of the theoretical review, it is evident that the theory of marketization calls for the removal of the public or government dominance in the running and management of institutions of higher learning. What’s more, the theory of marketization explains that through changing the higher education sector to market-based system, the private sector is highly involved, which results into enhanced efficiency, effectiveness, and competitiveness of the higher institutions of learning. On a different perspective, the empirical review provides an analysis and evaluation of the various findings by different researchers and scholars on the impact of marketization on higher education. From the empirical review, it is clear that whereas there are numerous positive im pacts of marketization on higher education, the concept also has negative impacts on the same sector. List of References Brown, R. 2013, â€Å"Access to Higher Education: The Shift towards Market-Based Policies in the UK†, DICE Report, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 23-27. Holmwood, J. 2012, â€Å"Markets versus Publics: The New Battleground of Higher Education†, Harvard International Review, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 12-15. Hommel, U. & King, R. 2013, â€Å"The emergence of risk-based regulation in higher education†, The Journal of Management Development, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 537-547. McNeill, T., 2012, ‘‘Don’t affect the share price’’: social media policy in higher education as reputation management. Research in Learning Technology, vol. 20. Natale, S.M. & Doran, C. 2012, â€Å"Marketization of Education: An Ethical Dilemma†, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 105, no. 2, pp. 187-196. Nickolai, D. H., Hoffman, S. G., & Trautner, M. N., 2012, Can a knowledge sanctuary also be an economic engineThe marketization of higher education as institutional boundary work. Sociology Compass, vol. 6, no. 3; Pp. 205-218. Quinlan, K. M., 2014, Everything for saleThe marketisation of UK higher education. By Roger Brown with Helen Carasso. British Journal of Educational Studies, (ahead-of-print), 1-3. Raffe, D., & Croxford, L., 2013, How stable is the stratification of higher education in England and Scotland?. British Journal of Sociology of Education, (ahead-of-print), 1-23. Tapper, T., 2013, Roger Brown and H. Carasso: Everything for saleThe marketisation of UK higher education. Higher Education, vol. 66, no. 5; Pp. 641-643. Xue-chao, Y. H. J. M., 2012, Marketization of Higher Education in the UK: The Perspective of Financing [J]. Tsinghua Journal of Education, vol. 3, no. 015.

Basic Economic Concepts - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 834 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Topics: Concept Essay Did you like this example? Basic Economic Concepts Basic Indicators The following basic economic indicators are important to understand: * Gross Domestic Product (GDP)   is the total amount of all goods and services produced in the country. This includes consumer spending, government spending and business inventories. Real GDP is a variant that takes out the impact of inflation, so that GDP can be compared over time. Real GDP is the basic measure of business activity and tracks the business cycle. Consumer Price Index (CPI)  -is a measure of the price of a basket of goods and services; increases to this index indicate an increase in inflation. * Producer Price Index (PPI)  -is a measure of the price of commercial items, such as farm products and industrial commodities. PPI indicates the cost to produce items and is the leading indicator of inflation. * Trade deficit   resultswhen a countrys imports exceed its exports. The  United Statesusually has a trade deficit. * Trade surplus   resultsw hen a countrys exports exceed its imports. Balance of payments (BOP)  Ã‚  is  the amount of foreign currency taken in minus the amount of domestic currency paid out; the  United States  usually has a balance of payments deficit. * Unemployment rate  Ã‚  the Bureau of Labor Statistics releases employment numbers each month that note the number of employed and unemployed people in the United States, as well as the percentage of unemployed. Increases in the unemployment rate tend to occur when the economy declines and vice versa. Swami and Friends| | Swami and Friends is the first of a trilogy of novels written by RK Narayan, a celebrated English novelist from India. The novel, which is also Narayans first, is set in pre-independence days in India, in a fictional town Malgudi, which has almost become a real place in India today, due to the wide recognition and popularity of Narayans many novels. His novels are known for their deftly etched characters, his uniquely stylize d language and his wry sense of humor. Swami and Friends is the story of a 10-year-old boy, growing up during this particular time, his innocence, wonder, mischief and growing pains. He is a student at Albert Mission School, a school established by the British which gives importance to Christianity, English literature and education. His life is dramatically changed when Rajam a symbol of colonial super power joins the school and he and Rajam become friends. About the Author RK Narayan started his prolific writing career with this novel Swami and Friends written in 1935. It is full of humor and irony. Narayan started writing this novel with the words It was Monday morning†¦ to the auspicious time his grandmother chose for him. Like many of his fictional grandmothers, he was close to his grandmother who was well versed with astrology. Despite this it took time for the budding writer to be acknowledged as an author. Fortunately for him, he had helped from many quarters, su ch as the well-established author British author Graham Green. He called Swami and Friends a work of remarkable maturity, and of the finest promise†¦and is the boldest gamble a novelist can take. If he allows himself to take sides, moralise, propaganda, he can easily achieve an extra-literary interest, but if he follows Mr. Narayans method, he stakes all on his creative power. Notes The novel, first intended for a very young audience, later expanded into a universal one, for its simple narrative and depiction of colonial India. Today in India it is recommended as a textbook or a reference book. One of the most glaring facts about the novel is the similarity of children through out the world, and how they have not changed since the time the novel was written. Children are all mischievous, impulsive and innocent like Swami. They all play and enjoy just like Swami, and try to circumvent doing homework by ingenious excuses and methods. Like Swami most children even today- a ttend schools that do not nourish their heritage and culture, throughout the world including the US. The criticism of the educational system and the lack of faith in it is a common theme of Narayan. It runs throughout this trilogy Swami and Friends, The Bachelor of Arts and The English Teacher. Narayans own father who was a principal did not think much of the system as Narayan and his many fictional characters, such as Swami, Chandran, Krishna, Sriram and a host of others. But the educational system comes under grave criticism in this trilogy, and discussed at length in The English Teacher. (Read The English Teacher web page in this site. ) It is not that Narayan thought that education was useless, but rather that the school and education system founded by the British was irrelevant. He was maybe among the second generation of persons who received a formal education in India during the time, and saw how his grandparents and many other of his countrymen surviving, thriving and liv ing as good human beings, perhaps even better than the educated folk, without any education. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Basic Economic Concepts" essay for you Create order

Confused Words Rational, Rationale, Rationalize

The words rational,  rationale, and rationalize  all have something to do with reasoning, but they are different parts of speech  and their meanings are not the same. Definitions The adjective rational means having or exercising the ability to reason. The antonym of rational is irrational. The noun rationale refers to an explanation, basic reason, or statement of principles. The verb rationalize means to find reasons or excuses that explain or justify certain actions, thoughts, or behaviors. Rationalize can also mean to reorganize a business or system to make it more efficient and effective. The noun form is rationalization. Of these three words, rationalize (in the first sense) most often  carries a negative connotation. Examples No rational argument will have a rational effect on a man who does not want to adopt a rational attitude. (Karl Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies. Routledge, 1945)  The senator challenged the governments rationale for the financial bailout.Denial is any addict’s first defense. No obstacle to recovery is greater than the infinite capacity to  rationalize  our compulsive behaviors. (Tony Scwartz, Addicted to Distraction. The New York Times, November 28, 2015)For [John D.]  Rockefeller to  rationalize the business [of Standard Oil], he had to concentrate his capital, shutting down inefficient members of the alliance and thus shutting out many individuals for whom the industry had been not only their livelihoods, but their lives. In their place, Rockefeller created a modern, centralized firm managed by professionals from a multi-storied office building . . . in New York City. It was this central office through which the process of moving the firms resources from l ess efficient to more efficient facilities was managed. (Richard S. Tedlow,  The Rise of the American Business Corporation, 1991; rpt. Routledge, 2001) Practice (a) What is the mayors ____ for trying to sell three of the citys public hospitals? (b) We routinely procrastinate, make poor investments, waste time, fumble important decisions, avoid problems and _____  our unproductive behaviors, like checking Facebook instead of working. (Jennifer Kahn, The Happiness Code. The New York Times, January 14, 2016) (c) It is not to be forgotten that what we call _____ grounds for our beliefs are often extremely irrational attempts to justify our instincts. (Thomas Henry Huxley, The Natural Inequality of Man, 1890) (d) [C]onservation managers failed to make the fishery more rational.  They  tried to _____ and simplify an unwieldy, complex ecological system. They tried to manufacture salmon by the billions. They improved salmon streams by weeding out the messy nature and making streamlined, open avenues for spawning salmon. They killed thousands of predatory fish and birds and tried to minimize salmon mortality. Their simplified ecosystem, however, was less productive than complex, chaotic nature. (David F. Arnold,  The Fishermens Frontier: People and Salmon in Southeast Alaska. University of Washington Press, 2008) Answers to Practice Exercises (a) What is the mayors rationale for trying to sell three of the citys public hospitals? (b) We routinely procrastinate, make poor investments, waste time, fumble important decisions, avoid problems and rationalize  our unproductive behaviors, like checking Facebook instead of working. (Jennifer Kahn, The Happiness Code.  The New York Times, January 14, 2016) (c) It is not to be forgotten that what we call rational grounds for our beliefs are often extremely irrational attempts to justify our instincts. (Thomas Henry Huxley, The Natural Inequality of Man, 1890) (d) [C]onservation managers failed to make the fishery more rational.  They  tried to rationalize  and simplify an unwieldy, complex ecological system. They tried to manufacture salmon by the billions. They improved salmon streams by weeding out the messy nature and making streamlined, open avenues for spawning salmon. They killed thousands of predatory fish and birds and tried to minimize salmon mortality. Their simplified ecosystem, however, was less productive than complex, chaotic nature. (David F. Arnold,  The Fishermens Frontier: People and Salmon in Southeast Alaska. University of Washington Press, 2008)

Analysis Of Jon Krakauers Into The Wild - 980 Words

Tension has the power to build up vigorously inside a person due to their problems they are facing, making them want to run away from the world. In some cases, their problems seem to attack them all at once, making them desperate for their issues to vanish. Some people can deal with their dilemmas easily, but others go to the extreme to cope with their obstacles. One person that goes to the extreme to cope with his problems is Christopher McCandless. Throughout Jon Krakauers Into the Wild, Christopher McCandless was eager to isolate himself from his problems in society, but never meant to die because of it. Chris McCandless did not live the average life. He ran away from his family on several occasions, and his actions can lead people†¦show more content†¦It was a message from Chris explaining how he was extremely ill and needed help. If Chris wanted to die, he would have never written that note. He was hoping that someone would find his message and help him survive. The makeshift flag was also Chris’ hopes in attracting someone to the bus. However, both failed in attracting any help, and Chris sadly died. Chris was determined to get away from his problems, but he had no intentions of dying. He was smart enough to gain knowledge about how finding food in the wild to survive. Chris traveled to a university where he talked to a field guide about survival. The guide taught him what plants were safe to eat, and which ones were not. Mr. McCandless also learned how to hunt animals for a source of food. While he was in Alaska, he killed a moose with his Remington rifle. Chris wanted to use its meat to survive in the harsh conditions of Alaska. He tried preserving the meat in order for him to keep a consistent source of food , but did it incorrectly causing it to be inedible. If Chris wanted to die by going on his adventures, he would never worry about food because he planned on dying. But Chris never did want to die. He wanted to survive out there as he was figuring out his problems. Things took a turn for the worse however and he accidently died. Chris wrote a letter to his sister Carine saying, â€Å"I’m going toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Jon Krakauers Into The Wild778 Words   |  4 Pagesshe wonders about a certain purpose in life. In extreme cases, when a person attempts to find ones self, he or she may find his or herself in a dangerous or even deadly position. In Jon Krakauers Into the Wild, Chris McCandless goes out into the wilderness of Alaska to find himself, but he never returns. Jon Krakauer organizes his novel in a circular way, which ties the story together well, and he uses long, periodic sentences to detail and emphasize his points about life and death situationsRead MoreAnalysis of Jon Krakauer’s Into The Wild Essay example1594 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the novel, Christopher McCandless’s character changed over time. Up to McCandless’s death, he wanted to live with the wild and to be away from civilization as far as possible. He changes his mind when he writes â€Å"H APPINESS ONLY REAL WHEN SHARED† (189). His purpose of living in the wild is to live with freedom and do whatever he wishes to do. However, he realizes he was a â€Å"refuge in nature† (189) and intended to abandon his solitary life and rejoin the human community. It is assumed thatRead MoreInto the Wild: by Jon Krakauer1186 Words   |  5 Pagesperspective was formed from his own experience and relationship with his father. While the situations were basically reversed with Chris not approving of his father and Lewis Krakauer disappointed in Jon for not following is â€Å"blueprint† there are similar parallels. Both McCandless and Krakauer‘s fathers where high achievers in life and McCandless and Krakauer both shared a similar perspective in their youth. I can envision Krakauer writing this book as a form of therapy for him. Enabling himRead MoreEssay On Chris Mccandless1092 Words   |  5 PagesChris McCandless, the subject of Jon Krakauersâ€Å"Into The Wild,† whose off-the-grid Alaskan adventure ended in starvation is a hero and an idealist whose sense of independence and adventure inspires us to reach for our dreams. McCandless was a courageous man. He wanted to live a life that was completely different than the one his parents lead. And wanted to submerge himself in the world that we live in and be sequestered from people who take it for granted. However, most students see McCandless asRead MoreLiterary Analysis of Into the Wild1669 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary Analysis of Into The Wild Imagine spending thirty days alone in a tent or a cabin in the wilderness with no technology, electricity, running water, and any form of communication. Every day you wake up to the sight of the beautiful, tall trees and the various wildlife living in the area. Most of the time, you can hear the many sounds of nature: the majestic songs of birds, the whistling in the wind, and trees rustling. But sometimes all you can hear is nothing but silence. Most of usRead MoreSummary Of The Book Into The Wild 1766 Words   |  8 PagesBrief Summary and â€Å"Arrangement† of the Book: †¢ Into the Wild is the story of Chris McCandless’ journey across America and eventually his death in Fairbanks, Alaska. Krakauer weaves the story of McCandless with accounts of other survivalists that are similar to McCandless along with his own experiences. †¢ There are 18 chapters along with and epilogue. Each chapter is characterized by a certain place that Chris or another person visited and are not in chronological order. †¢ Chapter 1: Chris meetsRead MoreAn Analysis Of Jon Krakauer s Into The Wild2135 Words   |  9 Pages In Into the Wild, Christopher McCandless (man) tried to exist as one with nature but finds through his journeys that nature is a force that will test men relentlessly, especially men who are unprepared. Nature is one of the world’s greatest marvels. McCandless understood that and chose nature over civilization. He believed civilization was a plague and there was only one way to cure that plague. That was to become one with nature . The background information of this essay will explore the needRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 PagesChbosky. Word Riot. Word Riot. Retrieved 27 May 2012. 41.Jump up ^ Tara Ann Carter (October 6, 2013). Reading Persepolis: Defining and Redefining Culture, Gender and Genre (PDF). John Bartram High School. 42.Jump up ^ Secret Life of Bees-Character Analysis. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 43.Jump up ^ Khaled Hosseini (March 4, 1965). Katherine C. (Berwyn, PA) s review of The Kite Runner. Goodreads.com. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 44.Jump up ^ http://www.salon.com/2003/09/12/lethem_8//Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure

Understanding in Intercultural Communication †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Understanding in Intercultural Communication. Answer: Introduction Intercultural communication falls under a discipline, which analyzes communication between different culture and socio-ethnic group and in what way culture affects the communication (Asante 2013). This specific discipline of study is used to portray the great range of communication processes and associated problems that occurs naturally within an organization that could be made up of different socio-religious or socio-ethnic and educational groups (Bove 2013). The Yabbies R Us firm in Western Australia has initiated to process the Yabbies and sell it to the Perth Restaurant. The Admas family is handling all the responsibilities of this business. Due to rapid improvement of the communication technology, Admas family sells their product to different countries across the world. The purpose of this report is to investigate how to conduct business negotiation with country like China as it is a multicultural country and diverse in nature. This report is assigned from Yabbies R Us firm and commissioned by Peter Admas, the director of Yabbies R Us. The general focus of this report will be on intercultural communication and the challenges it faces. Diversity of China China is very diverse country in nature. Its territory is big as like United States. In ethnicity and language group China is very diverse. The Chinese government has recognized in total fifty-six ethnical group and among these groups many has their own languages (Diktter 2015). The diversity has its influences on Chinas physical geography, which ranges from the deserts to the rain forests and the plateaus to the low plains. Due to diversity in physical geography of China, the people living in this land shares different cultures. The land and its nature or geography defines the culture of the people (Tregear 2017). For an example, the people living near the sea have cultures developed from its geography, differ from other culture, and place like Tibetan Plateau. There is no official religion defined by the government, however, people practices Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Taoism and Judaism in China. The different ethnical group and their individual lifestyles and cultures include Han ethnicity, Manchus ethnicity, which has their own languages, lifestyle, dressing style, surnames, sports and other minor ethnical groups. The majority of the Islamic population lives in Northwestern China. The two major ethnical groups in this region is Uyghurs and Hui. The highest place in the world, the Tibetan plateau has two major ethnic groups such as Tibetans and Qiang, they practices their own religion called Bon (Eberhard 2013). However, in China proper the major practiced religion is Buddhism. Architectures arts, literature, even music and regular lives of the dwellers on the plateau in China proper are very closely related to Buddhism. The most diversified place of China is Southwestern China. There are in total around 30 native ethnical groups in Guangxi Yunnan and Guizhou. Their languages, dressings and lifestyles, music and food differ from each others. Most of these ethnic groups have many branches with completely different characteristics (Mason 2014). Apart from the different ethnical groups in china, the authentic Chinese food can be categorized based on how cooking can be done and what is there to eat. There are different styles of Chinese food with many subdivision of it. However, china is diverse in terms of culture, religion, people, lifestyles, music, cooking style, sports, dressing style and administrative nature. Hong Kong and Macue follow different administrative style differ from mainland China. These two countries have different laws and administrative systems (Hua and Nathan 2016). For example, the Google, Twitter and other social media application are allowed in the regions where other parts do not have access to use it. The diversity in China allows this country to live its citizen as cooperative as possible. The countrys mission is to project the country as unified as well as diverse in nature. Yabbies R Us Firm The yabbie is the fresh water cray fish. The wheat farmers in Western Australia have converted their dam into large yabbie tanks. In this process, they develop a new and thrilling industry called yabbie production. The Admas family has taken the initiative to process the yabbies. They process it for the Perth restuarent. The yabbies are also used in domestic consumption. Later on the firm has exported it to Singapore. Admas family collects the yabbies for the business from around six hundred farmers across the southeastern wheat belt of the country. The yabbies collected from the six large tanks are packed in polystyrene boxes with frozen gel and it could stay alive at least seven days. For the purpose of export, this yabbies are cooled and air freighted and shipped by truck. Due to development in communication technology, specifically internet and fax, it becomes very easier to take orders and sell it to any part of the world within thirty-six hours. The internet has been helping him a lot for making his business into an international level and sell yabbies to the new markets in each day. He has thought that the internet is one of the ways in which he can communicate with clients in anywhere in the world and create greater demand amongst gourmets and the health conscious people. The Yabbies R Us wants to enlarge its business to many countries including China. The Chinese culture is very diverse in nature. The intercultural communication has helped them to communicate with people from different cultural groups and conducting business and achieve a successful outcome. The capacity to communicate and negotiate, and in the way to work effectively with people in diverse culture and from other cultures is very important to conduct international business. Challenges and solution of Intercultural Communication In todays world of globalization, effective intercultural or cross-cultural communication is the key point to be succeeded in business or conducting any organization (Neuliep 2012). Business leaders require understanding of the major challenges in communication across culture, for ensuring their businesses remain competitive in the global market and according to that, they need to overcome those challenges for managing business in different parts of the world. Ambiguity and Develop an understandings about the ways others communicate One of the major challenges in intercultural communication is ambiguity in transferring massages. Other cultures have completely different ways of interpreting. Each culture embodies unique value system, context and communication style. Ambiguity happens in the communication when someone is unable to comprehend the context of his culture and of course the culture of the receive (Samovar et al., 2014). This type of ambiguity leads someone to develop a misunderstanding and incorrect perspective about the other culture. Different culture shares different styles of communication. Business leaders and organizers need to develop an idea about the communication style of the other culture. They need to know the nuances of the other culture to achieve effective cross-cultural communication (Prato 2016). Recommendation In case of Yabbies R Us firm, the firm manager wants to grow its business in China, which is highly a diverse culture. It is said that China is the High Context culture on the basic of scale of communication. They have verities in culture. Peter Adams, the manager of the firm based in Australia needs to know the communication styles and context of the used words in an area where he wants to sell his product. He should be encouraging about the information he is getting from other cultural perspective in language styles and its interpreted meaning. Inflexible Attitudes and understanding the values of the culture The attitudes towards the other culture must be flexible. When people communicate across culture, sometimes they project closed mindset and introvert behavior. This may leads to a misunderstanding for the new culture. Business leaders must adapt and learn about the cultural values of the others (Samovar et al., 2015). This kind of inflexible attitudes towards other culture, whether performed unconsciously or consciously, hampers the business communication and relationships. Business leaders need to develop an understanding about the other countrys values of culture based on five dimensions of perspective in values proposed by Geert Hofstede. These include power distance, masculinity vs. femininity, individualism vs. collectivism, long term vs. short-term orientation and uncertainty avoidance (Ting-Toomey 2012). On the parameter of these dimensions of value perspectives, a manager can develop an understanding about the cultural context and he need to identify and give conscious effort to make a bridge. Recommendation The manager of the Yabbies R Us firm needs to be very flexible about the cultural context of China. He needs to identify the five dimensions of cultural perspective in the area of China where he wants his business to develop. He should not carry any kind of ethnocentrism about his own culture and think that the Chinese culture in anyway inferior to them. He should not judge any cultural values of Chinese in respect to his own cultural values and standards; rather he should be open and ready to develop an understanding about the Chinese culture according to their perspective and context. Conclusion By analyzing the intercultural communication and its challenges and solutions, it can be concluded that for successful business growth and spreading the business across the globe, the manager of the Yabbies R Us should aware of the problems and ready to overcome it. Otherwise, it would be very difficult for him to develop a business chain in China. In the modern world of technology where internet and fax system is used vividly, the manager could communicate in English; otherwise, he should learn the Chinese language, which could be another hurdle for him. However, whatever language he would use in communication he should be aware of the cultural context and value system of China. References Asante, M.K., 2013. The global intercultural communication reader. Routledge. Bove, C.L. and Thill, J.V., 2013. Business communication essentials. Pearson Higher Ed. Diktter, F., 2015. The discourse of race in modern China. Oxford University Press. Eberhard, W., 2013. A history of China. Routledge. Hua, S. and Nathan, A.J., 2016. Chinese Political Culture. Routledge. Mason, M., 2014. Comparing cultures. In Comparative education research (pp. 221-257). Springer International Publishing. Neuliep, J.W., 2012. The relationship among intercultural communication apprehension, ethnocentrism, uncertainty reduction, and communication satisfaction during initial intercultural interaction: An extension of anxiety and uncertainty management (AUM) theory. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 41(1), pp.1-16. Prato, G.B. ed., 2016. Beyond multiculturalism: views from anthropology. Routledge. Samovar, L.A., Porter, R.E., McDaniel, E.R. and Roy, C.S., 2014. Intercultural communication: A reader. Cengage Learning. Samovar, L.A., Porter, R.E., McDaniel, E.R. and Roy, C.S., 2015. Communication between cultures. Nelson Education. Ting-Toomey, S., 2012. Communicating across cultures. Guilford Press. Tregear, T.R., 2017. A geography of China. Routledge.